Internal-combustion engine.



H` HADWIGBR.

WTE-RM1, CUMBUSTIDN ENGINE. APPLICATION -ILBD mmm, 1902, REM-WED ocT.z5,1ooe. K f

Patented Aug. 11, i914.

s SHEETS-ausm 1.

HADWGER.

INTERNAL GOMBUSTION ENGINE. ArPLliffyum-f11LL11JAN.21,1902. RBNBWM) 001125r 190e.

1,106,940. Patented Aug.11,1914

3 SHEETS-SHEET IZ.

H. HADWIGER.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.

APPLIUATION HLBD 11111.21, 1902. RENEWBD 001225.1906.

Patented Aug. 11,v 1914 3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

Wfl AIA ATOR/VEYS.

UNTTED STATES PATENT onirica..

HUGO HADWIGER, F VIENNA, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

l INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 11, 1914..

Application filed January 21, 1902, Serial No. 90,722. Renewed October 25, 1906. Serial' No. 340,596.

To all 'whom it may concern.-

Be it.known that I, HUGO HADWTGER, a

citizen of the Empire of Austria-Hungary,

',bustion Engines, of which the following is erated to reduce the mechanical effect.

a specification.

The gas-engines, caloric-motors, etc., heretofore in use gave at the highest onl from 20'to 28% of the theoretical mechanical effect of the fuel consumed.v The reason for this low degree of efiiciency lay chiefly in the fact that the cylinder-Walls, eylinderhead, piston valves, etc., became highly heated, andpcooling was rendered necessary, the latter absorbing some' 40% ofthe use ful heat. A further diminution of the mechanical eect was caused,- especially in explosion-motors, by the factY that the maximum expansivo, of the Working gas was .necessarily limited so`that the falll of pressure was small and the exhaust was still of high ten'iperatnre. Furthermore, incomplete combustion of the fuel, especially when the same'was too heavily gas-eharged, `op-` B-y the present invention these various evils are in part entirely overcome and in part essentially diminished.

The non-advantageous modes of cooling necessary in former motors are avoided oy the present invention, the cooling of the parts being effected by a non-heated Working gas, (air) and said parts being separated from the heated gas, either by means of walls which for the purpose are formed of iireproof materiahor by means of the admission of the non-heated working gas into the explosion-chamber in a special manner. As airis a poor conductor of heat, and'only a few and very small connected conducting parts are provided, the amount of heat absorbed by the parts of the motor from the hot gases is reduced to almost Zero, and 'there remains only a small loss of heatby direct radiation, which can he reduced as desired by thickening the walls of the motor. The lessening of the thermal loss is accompanied an increase of the mechanical etliciency, which latter receives still further addition through the complete combustion of the fuel. This complete combustion is reached according to this inven tionby the arrangement of a special characteristic admission-construction for the `corresponding parts. i

fuel by means of kwhich the same isi admitted e1ther at the moment` of highest compression or, for avoiding shocks, an instant before the same, in explosive condition and at high but regular speed, into the explosion-chamber. The explosion itself follows in the chamber through thev instantaneous heating and compression. Premature ignition is thereby prevented 'and the maximum expan- 65 sion can go to any desired height, Through these means of admission and ignition a' complete burning of all the fine' particles of the combined mixture is effected and as a large (nearly 20 times) excess of air is pres- 70 ent, the explosion takes place in the midst of an air-mass Without directly reaching the` Walls of the neighboring parts, so that-in- I jurious shocks are avoided. As thereafter a blast of-fresh air in excess is blown through the parts, obstruction'of the slides 'and valves is prevented. By `tl 1ese"rreans are overcome the two chief reasonswhich until now have hindered the direct use of a stable combustible forv the driving of in so ternal combustion motors.

ln the aceompanymg drawings, Figure 1 `is a vertical central section through a motor constructed according to my invention,`witli parts omitted, Fig. 2 is a vertical central 85 section, on a largerscale, through a portion' of the combustion-chamber and adjacent g parts, and showing the mechanism for supp lying the fuel, Fig. 3 illustrates the mechamsm for operating the supply and exhmsta 9.0'.\

valves of the motor. Similar characters of reference indicate Referring to the drawings, 1 indicates the' cylinder of the motor and 3 the piston of l95 the same, which form together the combus- Y tion-chamber in which the successive eXplo sions take place. The piston is provided with suitable paekingrings 4, and at its upper or inner end is-provided with a deep recess or cavity in which is seated a heat insulating part consisting of a cup-shaped g lining 6 made of any strong ireproofmaterial and the cavity of which has slightly larger dimensions than the cooperating heatinwardly. Connected no i? the piston is also guided by means flange or auxiliary piston a provided te suitable packing 5. The flange b of zylinder by which the saine is connected In the portion 2 of the housing, is pro- ;ded with an opening normally closed by an inwardly-opening spring-pressed valve and the flange a provided With an opening normally closed by a spring-pressed valve 10 serving forfadmitting air into the housing 2, 11, 12, said valves being arranged respectively to permit entrance of airl and to prei-'ent exit, so that the parts thereby form an air-pump, adapted, upon lreriprocation of the piston, to force air into the hous ing below the piston-flange The piston is connected by a coimecting-rod 13 and a crank c with a main-shaft 14, upon which is fixed a cam 15, engaging at its circumfer ence an vantifrietion-roller d attached to a trip-lever 16, pivoted at one erd to the housing at e, and loosely engaging at. its op posite end with a slide-tube'l', which passes to the exterior of the housing through a suitabv stuliingbox f and forms at its upper end the barrel 18. of an air-pump provided Withvsuitable spring-actuated inletvalvcs 38 and'39, the lutter being mounted on the outer end of the tube and the former on a suitable bracket g, entering the tube 1,7, through a slot g1 'of the same, and provided with a bore g2. A ilexible tube 25 is connected at one end with said bore, extending through the slot g1, and at its opposite end with a tube 28, (Fig. 2), for supplying air for introducing the fuel into the combusl tion-chamber. An arm or bracket h, con neeted with the tube 17, extends laterally therefrom and is connected at its outer end with-the stem 21 of a fuel-supply valve 22, guided in the head of the cylinder 1 and extending through a suitable core Il? located in a. cavity of the plunger 7, said core being screwed at its outer smaller end into the cylinder-head 23 and thereby retaining the plunger in posit-ion. A volute spring 19 is interposed between a plug n screwed into a cavity in the head 23, and the arm or bracket l1., and serves to return the valve 22 to its initial or closed position. Said spring also returns. the rod 17 and lever 16 into raised position after depression.

Upon suitable arms l 2 o f a post i are mounted the feeding-dev:es for the fuel. The fuel is preferably in the form of a powder and is supplied through a pipe 54 into a suitable chamber i3, from which leads a pipe to a duct c in the cover of a alverhcst l. A duct 7? is located adjacent the duct i, and with tbc same is connected the air-tube ln the valverhest l is located, between the-cover and a suitable perforated spring-pressed plate i, a valve 30, having a perforation k, said 'vali-v by rcciprocation forming or interrupting communication between the duct 'is and the perforation of the plate 17h The valvechest l is provided at the opposite side of said plate With a duct il, which is connected by a tube 34 passingthrough the head 23 of the cylinder, with a tube 85, located in the upper part of the plunger 7 and delivcring the fuel by a suitable branch bore 1 into the bore b2, for the valve-stem 21.

In the fuel-chamber 3 is located a suitable regulating slide 29, adapted to deflect more the pipe 55.' Above the head of the cylinder is arranged a cover' a1, which forms with the head an exhaust-chamber E, which is sages o, controlled b a rotary reciprocating exhaustfvalve 36, W ich is guided in suitable ways in the head 23 and provided with openings that serve to register alternately with or close the openings a2 in the cylinderhead a? at the proper time. An exhaustpipe 24, arranged on the cover, communi- Cates With the exliaust-chaniber for conducting ofi' the products of combustion.

The inlet-valve 39 for the combustible fuel and the exhaustvalve 3G for the: products of combination are operated and governed from the mainehaft 14 of the motor, by means of the construction shown in Fig. 3. C is the fly-Wheel secured at its hub 41 to the shaft, and on said hub is loosely mounted a sleeve 42 provided With guide ways d? cl2. In the latter are engaged the inner ends of suitable' bell-crank levers 40 pivoted, as at el e2, to the fly-Wheel and carrying at their outer ends suitable Weights 63 e4, and connected at their outer ends, by fa spring e5. A lever 44 is pivoted at. 43 to the housing and provided at its upper end With an arm 45, connected at one end by a At the oth'er end is aninclined head 4G, which engages one end ot' a springnctuated to engage one arm mi of a knuckle-lever 49, which is fulcrumed to a bracket Z1 on a fixed rod l, which bracket engages a second knuckle-lever 5() pivoted at m2 to the housing and connected by one arm m3 `with the exhaust-valve 36. The other arm of said knuckle-lever 5() is connected by link "751 with an elbow-lever 52 pivoted at m* to the housing and connected at its opposite end by a stift1 wire or small rod 53 with the. valve 30 of the valve-chest I.

From the housing, at point beyond the diaphragm a, for example at the point fr?, an exterior tube 37* extends to the point 32, and is there connected with a tube o passing through the head' 23 and provided at its lower end, Within the plunger 1" with a spring-actuated check-valve 20. l? rom the cavity o1 for. said tube a duct 02 extends,

and from said duct a second duct o3 extends stiff Wire or sniall rod 48 with the slide 29.

rod 47, having a notched lower end adapted or less of the incoming material away from connected with the cylinder by suitable pas- Athe same in raised position.

in upward direction to a cavity 0 closed by thejplug 7L. From said cavity o* extends in downward direction a duct o through the head but not into the plunger. The lower end of the bore b2 is closed by a cup-shaped valve 31 surrounding the lower end of the core L and adapted to be reciprocatcd upon the same and provided with a' conical bottom closing said bore, and with ducts 'r for permitting the exit of the fuel. cavity o* is located a ring-r1, and below the same a spring r2, which normally retains Through the ducts os o extend two stiff wires or small rods r 1, which continue through channels in the plunger and are connected at their lower ends with said valve 31. By this connection the spring normally retains the v'alve in raised closed position.

Fuel having been admittedl through the tubel 54, vthe same passes through the ,tube 55. eciprocation of the valve 3() brings the openu'ltgfof the same opposite the duct c" for an instant; the fuel enters the same; the

va-lve is moved before the duct is; a blast of complbssed zair from the pump 18 iows through pipes 25 and 28, and thepulverized fuel isvblown thereby through the duct i7, tube 34, tube 35, and conduit bl into the bore b, the Afuel supply valve 22 being raised. The portion of the bore b2 below the valvestem already contains some fuel. On the downward stroke of the stem 21 of the valve 22 the valve-3.1 is orcedopen and a small quantity of the fuel, equal to that charged in at the top, passes out through the ducts r, into the cup shaped member on the piston to be exploded. The particular feature of this invention, however, resides in the operations which taire place immediately preceding the introduction of the combustible fuel. The piston is provided with a valve 9 located in thc body of the same, below the cup or lining G, and said valve being guided by its pin ZP in the pistonc The piston is .foi-med in two parts s s1, screwed together, the former carrying the lining; 6, the other being provided with alduct s2 communicatingr with the space between the two parts, and said valve also communicating with said space. The cup shaped heat insulating liningr G is screwed into the part but does not closely lit the same at the bottom or at the sides, and in the bottom are located ducts 1f, said ducts beiney arranged preferably ,at the. sides of the lining and not directly in the center of the saine.. Assuming In theV ftory to the next. explosion.

.9 and 20. size between theA cavity and the plunger, it is so small nevertheless that the air has not :sufficient time to escape, but that portion ;of the same between the lower end of the .plunger and the bottom of the piston is ,caught and compressed to a high degree.

' valve 9 and ducts i, and also passes through tubes 37 and O, valve 20 and duct O1 into the cylinder, the plunger 7 not being screwed up tightly against the cylinderhead but removed a short distance therefrom, as shown in Fig. 2. The compressed air also passes through ducts 02, o", o, and 05 between the plunger 7 and cylinder-head 23, thereby cooling,r the plunger thoroughly at its base. The spring is also prevented from becoming heated, which would be injurious to the same. The exhaust-valve '36 is now opened and the air sweeps in a blast through the courses described, and carries out into the exhaust-chamber E all particles of unburnt or partially-burnt matter remaining in the combustionchamber, the same escaping through the pipe 24 and said chamber being filled with pure air. The expansion of the compressed air at the points where itenters the combustion-chamber heated, which heat is. useful as preparing the air vfor a still greater heating prepara- Upon the reA turn-strolce the plunger enters the cupshaped lining G. The exhaust-valve has been closed and the increased pressure within the combustiorrchamber closes the Valves While there is a difference in At the moment of highest compression,

' which is at the extreme inward portion of `the stroke, or immediately before the same, the heat is so intense as a result of this compression as to ignite the fuel which is at that moment projected in the midst of the body of compressed air in the manner before described. The explosion then takes place, but owing;r to the tiiin layer of air which exists between the sidewalls of the plunger and those of the cup-shaped lining, and

' which air has not been subjected to so lgreat dinarily not less thanV 10 atmospheres. By

proper arrangement and operation of the valves, tensions of as high degree as ne sary, even to 100 atmospheres, may be atained. As the ignition is effected instan- -taneously by heating and compression, premature ignition or failure of the same is prevented and the combustion of the fuel is complete.` Y p f Having thus described my invention, I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent:

1. In an internal-combustion engine, the combination, with a cylinder and a piston reciprocating therein, of a stationaryfheatinsu ating plunger on the-head of the cylinder, a cup-shaped heat-insulating lining in said piston. means forintroducing a combustible fuel through the plunger into the space between Vthe same and` the pistonlining, means for forcing compressed air into the cylinder and through"l and around 'the heat-insulating parts for cooling the same, and means for permitting the exhausting of the heated products of combustion" into the atmosphere.

2. In an internal-combustion engine, the

combination of a cylinder, a stationary heatinsulating plunger on ,the cylinder-head, a'

piston reciprocated in thecylinder, a'cupshaped heat-insulating lining in said piston, said plunger and piston-lining being provided with air-passagesrthrough and aroundV 'the same, means for supplying a combustible fuel through the plunger into the space between it and the piston-lining, means for introducing compressedair into the cylinder and through ahd around the heat-insulating members for cooling the same, and means for exhausting` the heated products of combustion into `the atmosphere.

.ln an internal-combustion engine, the combination, with a cylinder and a piston reciprocated thereimofa closed casing below the cylinder and piston, a heat-insulating plunger on the cylinder-head, a cup-shaped heat-insulating lining on said piston, airpassages in the plunger and piston-limng.y means for sul'iplying a crunbustible fuel through the plunger inte the same and the pistoncompressing air in the sp.

insulating plunger on the cylinder-head, a

cup-shaped heat-insulating lining on the piston, means for supplying a combustible fuel, 'an air-pump for forcing said' fuel through the'plungeninto the combustionspace between the heat-insulating plunger and piston-lining, means for compressing air, means for conducting the compressed air through and Varound the heat-insulating members into the cylinder for cooling and protecting the saine, and means for kexhausting the heated the atmosphere.

' 5. In an internal combustion-engine, the combination, with a `cylinder and a piston reciprocated' therein, of a` cup-shaped heatinsulating lining applied Ato said piston at the inner face thereof, a stationary Aheatinsulating plunger mounted on the cylinderhead and adapted to fit into said Capt-shaped member, said p plunger having an interior valved bore, a fuel-feeding device connected with the bore lof the plunger, an air-pump for feeding the fuel through the valve-bore into the space between the plunger and pis- `ton-lifting, means for compressing air, and 'meansxfor forcing the compressed air intoj the cylinder and` to and around the heatinsulating members for cooling the same.

6. In an internal-combustion engine, the combination, with a cylinderand a piston reciprocated therein, of a cup-shaped heat-` ins'ulating lining applied to said piston at the inner surface thereof, said lining being separated from said piston by spaces affording` a circulation of air, a stationary heatinsulating plunger on the cylinder-head Cooperating with the insulating lining onsaid piston in compressing and igniting the air and fuel charge, said plunger being likewise separated'from its adjacent parts,- by small spaces or interstices, a fuel-feeding device connected with the plunger, a separate airpump for forcing the'f'uel into the space between the heat-insulating members, means for compressing air, means forconducting the compressed air into the cylinderb` and through the spaces between the pistonI` and its lining and between the plunger and cylinder-haul for cooling the heat-insulating members. 7

7. In an intern:il-combustion engine, the combination, with a cylinder and apiston reciprocating therein,`l of a valve in said piston., an insulating lininglapplied to said piston hat' separated therefrom by spaces comproducts of 'combustio' products of combustion into fuel charge, air-passages in said plunger, a

valved bore in said plunger, means for feeding fuel through'said valved bore in said i plunger into the combustion-space between the piston-lining and plunger,'means for compressing air, and means for conducting the compressed air tlirough'the air-passages in the heat-insulating piston-lining and plunger into the eylinderrfor cooling. the interior parts and protecting them against the heated products of combustion.

8. Inan internal-combustion engine, the combination, with a cylinder and a piston' reciprocated therein, of a plunger on the cylinder-head, a cup-shaped lining on the piston, air-passages in and around the plunger and piston, means for compressing 'airA in the space below the cylinder and piston, a valve in said piston for permitting the passage of compressed air through piston and air-passages into the cylinder, an air-conduit for conducting the compressed air from the compression-space through the air-passages of the plunger into the cylinder for cooling and protecting the heat-insulating parts, an exhaust-chamber above the cylinder-head, an exhaust-valve inthe cylinderhead, means for actuating the axhaust-valve from the engine-shaft, and exhaust-passages in the cylinder-head for exhausting the. heated products of combustion. v

9. 4In lan internal-combustion engine, .the

combination, with a cylinder and a' piston reeiproeated therein, of a stationar heats insulating plunger on the cylindercad, a

cup-shaped heat-insulating lining on said piston, means" for supplying a combustible fuel through the plunger into the space hetween said heat-insulating members, a closed housing below 'the cylinder and piston,

means for compressing air in said housing, and means for conducting the compressed air around and through the heat-insulating members into the cylinder for cooling the interior parts and expelling the heated products of combustion to the outside of the cyl-.

inder.VV

10J-Iman internal-combustion engine, the

combination, with a cylinder and a piston reciprocating ltherein, of a closed housing below said cylinder and piston, an exhaustchamber on the cylinder-head, a stationary plunger on the cylinder-head, a cup-shaped heat-insulating lining on the piston, means:

for introducing a, combustible fuel-charge into the space between the heat-insulating members, means for compressing air in the housing, means' for conducting the co'mpressed'air from the housin around the heat-insulating plunger and lining into the cylinder for cooling the same, and means for exhaustin the productsof combustion from the cy inder through the exhaustchamberinto the atmosphere.

11. In an internal-combustion engine, thecombnation, with a cylinder and a piston reeiprocated therein, of a stationary heatinsulating plunger on the cylinder-head having air-sup ly channels, a cup-shaped heatinsulating ining on the` piston having interior air-supply channels, an auxiliary piston at the lower end of the main-piston, a closed housing below the cylinder and auxiliary piston, air-admission valves located respectively in the housing and in said auxiliary piston, and means for conducting the air compressed in the housing into the cylinder and into and around `theplunger and linin for cooling these parts and rotecting t iem against the heat of the products of combustion.

l2. In an internal-combustion engine, the combination, with a cylinder and a reciprocating piston in the saine, of a stationary heat-insulating plunger on the cylinderhead having air-passages and a valved bore,

a 'cup-shaped heat-insulating lining Ain the vhousing to the air-passages in the plunger, a

valved channel in the piston for conducting compressed air thru the air-passages into the cylinder for coo ing the parts, anexl haust-chaniber on the cylinder-head, an exhaust-valve in said cylinder-head, and an exhaast-pipe for permitting the escape of the products of combustion from the exhaustchamber into the atmosphere. p

In witness whereof I have hereunto set lmy hand in presence of'two witnesses.

HUGO 'HADwiGEn Witnesses:

ALvBe'ro.r S. HOGUE, vuious'r FUGGER. 

